1. Social 30-1 Key Vocabulary <br />Related Issue #1 – Identity <br />Liberalism : political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties<br />Individualism: a social theory advocating the liberty, rights, or independent action of the individual.<br />Common Good: the good of a community <br />Collectivism : the political principle of centralized social and economic control, esp. of all means of production.<br />Ideology : the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.<br />Progressivism: the doctrines and beliefs of the Progressive party.<br />Individual Rights & Freedoms : to the rights of individuals , in contrast with group rights . An individual right is the sanction of independent action<br />Competition : a contest for some prize, honor, or advantage<br />Economic Freedom : a controversial term used in economic research and policy debates<br />The rule of Law : a legal concept which includes a number of interrelated principles.<br />Private Property : movable property (as distinguished from real estate) <br />Public Property : property owned by a government <br />Collective Responsibility & Interests : a concept or doctrine, according to which individuals are to be held responsible for other people's actions by tolerating, ignoring, or harboring them<br />Cooperation: an act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit; joint action<br />Economic Equality: A principal common to collectivist ideologies which can have different meanings depending on the person or the ideology. Governments may try to foster economic equality through tax policies and by ensuring that all people earn equal wages for work of similar value.<br />Collective Norms: A current way of thinking of standard, model or pattern regarded as typical <br />Related Issue #2 – Resistance to Liberalism <br />John Locke : English philosopher.<br />Baron de Montesquieu : advocated constitutionalism, the preservation of civil liberties, the abolition of slavery, gradualism, moderation, peace, internationalism, social and economic justice with due respect<br />Adam Smith : Scottish philosopher Adam Smith <br />John Stuart Mill : English philosopher and economist.<br />Laissez Faire Capitalism : a term used to describe a policy of allowing events to take their own course<br />Industrialization : to convert to the ideals, methods, aims, etc., of industrialism.<br />The Class System : refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification ) between individuals or groups in societies or cultures<br />Limited Government : a type of government in which its functions and powers are prescribed, limited, and restricted by law<br />Classic Conservatism : a political and social term whose meaning has changed in different countries and time periods, but which usually indicates support for the status quo or the status quo<br />Marxism : the system of economic and political thought developed by Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, esp. the doctrine that the state throughout history has been a device for the exploitation of the masses by a dominant class, that class struggle has been the main agency of historical change, and that the capitalist system, containing from the first the seeds of its own decay, will inevitably, after the period of the dictatorship of the proletariat, be superseded by a socialist order and a classless society.<br />Socialism : a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.<br />Welfare Capitalism : refers either to the combination of a capitalist economic system with a welfare state or in a strictly American context to the practice of businesses providing welfare<br />Labour Standards : are conventions , treaties and recommendations designed to eliminate unjust and inhumane labour practices<br />Unions : something formed by uniting two or more things; combination<br />Universal Suffrage : suffrage for all persons over a certain age, usually 18 or 21, who in other respects satisfy the requirements established by law.<br />Welfare State : a state in which the welfare of the people in such matters as social security, health and education, housing, and working conditions is the responsibility of the government.<br />Human Rights : fundamental rights, esp. those believed to belong to an individual and in whose exercise a government may not interfere, as the rights to speak, associate, work, etc.<br />Feminism : the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.<br />Communism : a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.<br />Fascism : governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.<br />Expansionism : a policy of expansion, as of territory or currency<br />Containment – Truman Doctrine and Domino Theory : was a foreign policy theory, promoted by the government of the United States , that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism<br />Deterrence : the act of deterring, esp. deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating.<br />Brinksmanship : the technique or practice of maneuvering a dangerous situation to the limits of tolerance or safety in order to secure the greatest advantage, esp. by creating diplomatic crises<br />Détente : a relaxing of tension, esp. between nations, as by negotiations or agreements.<br />Non-alignment : a national policy repudiating political or military alliance with a world power, as the U.S. or the People's Republic of China.<br />Liberation Movements : is an organization fighting a rebellion against a colonial power, often seeking independence based on a nationalist identity and an anti-imperialist outlook.<br />Neo-Conservatism : An intellectual and political movement in favor of political, economic, and social conservatism that arose in opposition to the perceived liberalism of the 1960s<br />Environmentalism : any person who advocates or works to protect the air, water, animals, plants, and other natural resources from pollution or its effects<br />Post-modernism : any of a number of trends or movements in the arts and literature developing in the 1970s in reaction to or rejection of the dogma, principles, or practices of established modernism, esp. a movement in architecture and the decorative arts running counter to the practice and influence of the International Style and encouraging the use of elements from historical vernacular styles and often playful illusion, decoration, and complexity.<br />Extremism : a tendency or disposition to go to extremes or an instance of going to extremes, esp. in political matters<br />Related Issue #3 – Contemporary Liberalism :<br />Consensus : majority of opinion<br />Direct vs. Representative Democracy : a form of government founded on the principle of elected individuals representing the people , as opposed to either autocracy or direct democracy<br />Authoritarianism : favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom<br />Command Economies : An economywhere supply and price are regulated by the government rather than market forces<br />Free market economies : a social system based on the division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand<br />Traditional economies : an economic system in which resources are allocated by inheritance , and which has a strong social network and is based on primitive methods and tools<br />Mixed economies : economy is an economic system that incorporates a mixture of private and government ownership or control, or a mixture of capitalism and socialism<br />American Bill of Rights : the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known<br />Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms : guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society<br />Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms : a statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly<br />War Measures Act : was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers<br />Patriot Act : The patriot act gives the government the ability to punish and deter terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools and for other purposes<br />Debt: something that is owed or that one is bound to pay to or perform for another<br />Poverty : the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor; indigence<br />